Kriminalisasi, Stigmatisasi, dan Martabat Manusia: Kritik terhadap Praktik Sanksi Malu dalam Hukum Adat

Abstract

Praktik sanksi malu dalam komunitas adat merupakan mekanisme sosial yang bertujuan menjaga harmoni melalui eksposur publik terhadap pelaku pelanggaran. Meskipun dipandang efektif sebagai pengendalian sosial berbasis nilai lokal, praktik ini menimbulkan persoalan dalam perspektif hukum pidana modern dan hak asasi manusia. Penelitian ini menganalisis sanksi malu dari sudut pandang asas legalitas, stigmatisasi sosial, dan martabat manusia, serta mengevaluasi posisinya dalam KUHP Nasional (UU 1/2023). Menggunakan metode penelitian hukum normatif dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan dan konseptual, penelitian menemukan bahwa sanksi malu berpotensi memicu kriminalisasi simbolik non-yudisial, pelabelan publik, dan pelanggaran human dignity serta due process of law. KUHP Nasional menyediakan kerangka integratif melalui pengakuan hukum yang hidup dalam masyarakat dan pidana tambahan kewajiban adat, namun menegaskan batas legalitasnya. Penelitian ini menyimpulkan perlunya rekonstruksi konseptual agar sanksi adat selaras dengan prinsip legalitas, perlindungan HAM, dan keadilan prosedural.

Shame-based sanctions in customary communities function as social mechanisms aimed at preserving collective harmony through public exposure of offenders. Although often regarded as effective forms of social control rooted in local values, such practices raise concerns within modern criminal law and human rights frameworks. This study analyzes shame sanctions from the perspectives of legality, social stigmatization, and human dignity, and evaluates their position under Indonesia’s National Criminal Code (Law No. 1 of 2023). Employing a normative legal research method with statutory and conceptual approaches, the study finds that shame sanctions risk generating symbolic non-judicial criminalization, public labeling, and potential violations of human dignity and due process of law. The National Criminal Code offers an integrative framework by recognizing living law and enabling additional penalties in the form of customary obligations, while also establishing legality limits. The study concludes that conceptual reconstruction is necessary to align customary sanctions with legality, human rights protection, and procedural justice